Each year, Muslims around the world donate tens of billions of dollars in Zakat, the obligatory almsgiving that is one of the five pillars of Islam. 

While the generosity of these donations remains undisputed, the challenge lies in how to effectively organize and manage a massive flow of funds to ensure they reach those in need.

A particularly significant spike in donations occurs during the month of Ramadan. Though Zakat can be given at any time of the year, many Muslims choose to disburse it during the holy month, believing the spiritual rewards are multiplied. 

According to a survey by the Muslim Philanthropy Initiative, nearly 70% of US-based Muslims prefer giving Zakat during Ramadan, often through community events like fundraiser Iftars or group prayers. The same pattern is observed across the globe. Islamic Relief Canada, for instance, sees a 500-700% increase in Zakat donations during Ramadan. 

“This surge is driven by the spiritual significance of giving in Ramadan, religious obligations, and the trust donors place in organizations to distribute funds effectively to those in need,” says Mashaal Saeed, media and campaigns lead at Islamic Relief Canada.

Similarly, the National Zakat Foundation Australia experiences a surge of up to 90% in Zakat contributions during Ramadan, according to Ismail David, CEO of the National Zakat Foundation Australia. 

But the question arises: How can stakeholders harness this increased generosity to benefit the worthiest recipients? By leveraging digital platforms, technologies such as AI and blockchain, and offline community-based efforts, charities can ensure that Zakat not only reaches the right people but also makes a lasting impact on communities in need.

Partnerships, offline strategies for efficient disbursal 

Zakat serves as a powerful tool for social support, providing Muslims with an organized methodology to assist the needy with essential resources like food, shelter, and healthcare. 

Saeed emphasizes the importance of pre-planned distribution systems that can handle the influx of donations quickly and efficiently. Many donors earmark their Zakat for urgent humanitarian aid, so rapid-response mechanisms are key to ensuring that funds reach those in crisis.

Building partnerships with local NGOs, mosques, and community organizations can also ensure that Zakat funds are distributed to vulnerable populations without delay. 

Ardiansyah Ihsan, an associate at the Indonesia-based Zakat Foundation Institute highlights the importance of traditional strategies, such as mosque-to-mosque campaigns and public talks by religious scholars, which remain effective. 

“Despite the dominance of digital channels, offline strategies still account for 40-50% of the overall campaign efforts during Ramadan,” notes Ihsan.

In addition to addressing immediate needs, many charities are focusing on long-term empowerment, combining direct aid with sustainable development programs. This includes offering skills training, microfinance initiatives, and other services aimed at improving the financial independence of recipients. 

By adopting a holistic approach to charity, Zakat can not only provide immediate relief but also help break the cycle of poverty for the long term, according to Ihsan.

Digital solutions re-envisioning Zakat collection

The rise of digital platforms has revolutionized the way Zakat is collected and managed. 

According to Saeed, online payment gateways, mobile apps, and automated recurring donations make it easier for people to contribute, while data-driven tools help identify and prioritize communities in most need. 

To raise funds this Ramadan, Islamic Relief Canada is organizing more than 10 community Iftars across the country in support of Palestine and Sudan, with the NGO selling tickets through its website.

David notes that digital platforms offer a more efficient and scalable way to collect donations, especially among the digital-savvy generation.

The National Zakat Foundation Australia is launching an online campaign - Z Connect - in Ramadan aimed at educating the community about the power of Zakat and the importance of collaboration. Moreover, the foundation is enabling users to customize and automate their daily giving for Ramadan via its app. 

Social media has also emerged as a crucial tool in Zakat campaigns. Platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter allow non-profits to engage with a global donor base, raising awareness through educational content and beneficiary stories.

“Social media is instrumental not only in raising public awareness through educational content on Zakat, storytelling of beneficiaries, and promoting organizational transparency but also in facilitating direct donations,” says Saeed.

Ihsan builds on it: “The presence of influencers and religious figures strengthens donors' decision-making processes. These figures help build trust and direct their audiences toward contributing to credible organizations.” 

Leveraging advanced technology

Beyond traditional digital solutions, advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain are beginning to transform Zakat collection and distribution.  

AI helps charities assess and prioritize aid more efficiently by processing demographic, economic, and environmental data, pinpointing regions where assistance is most urgently required. 

“At National Zakat Foundation Australia, we use AI to help with Zakat distribution to improve and speed up the assessment process of applications,” says David.

According to Nicolas Merle, cofounder of On The Shoulders, a France-based design studio specializing in guiding investors in sustainable finance, AI can also predict future needs and proactively deploy resources to prevent crises.

Blockchain, with its transparent and immutable ledger, offers a new level of accountability, allowing donors to track the journey of their contributions from donation to disbursement. 

Hubert Knapp, managing partner at Chavanette Advisors, believes that smart contracts on blockchain platforms could automate the entire Zakat process, from calculation to distribution, reducing the need for human intervention and ensuring timely assistance to recipients. 

However, regulatory challenges remain, especially regarding cryptocurrency and blockchain technologies. 

Islamic scholars are divided on the use of digital currencies for Zakat, which has slowed adoption in the sector. Ihsan believes that in the medium term, there is hope for further integration.

“It is essential for stakeholders, scholars, and policymakers to engage in discussions to establish regulatory frameworks that maximizes the potential of these technologies in Zakat management,” he says.

In today’s digital age, the way we give and receive charity is evolving.

Shariah-compliant digital wallets are emerging as powerful tools to facilitate donations in a manner that aligns with Islamic finance principles.

Whether it’s Zakat, Sadaqah, or Waqf, these digital solutions offer a seamless, transparent, and accountable method for Muslims worldwide to fulfill their charitable obligations.

The role of Shariah-compliant digital wallets in donations
A Shariah-compliant digital wallet operates as an electronic repository for halal financial transactions.

These wallets are designed to avoid interest (riba), ensure ethical investment of stored funds, and provide secure payment options. When used for donations, they offer several benefits:

1. Ease of giving – With a few taps on a smartphone, donors can contribute instantly, eliminating the logistical challenges of handling cash or setting up manual bank transfers. Recent studies indicate that digital donations have increased by over 40% globally due to the accessibility of digital wallets.

2. Transparency and accountability – Blockchain and digital ledger technologies can ensure that donations reach their intended recipients without unnecessary intermediaries taking excessive fees. According to the World Bank, digital transactions reduce corruption and mismanagement by 30% in charitable giving. 

3. Automated Zakat and Sadaqah payments – Digital wallets can be programmed to calculate Zakat obligations and automate payments, ensuring that donors never miss their contributions. Reports indicate that automated Zakat contributions have grown by 25% annually in several Islamic countries. 

4. Global reach – Donations can be made across borders in real-time, helping those in need without delays associated with traditional banking systems. Islamic Relief Worldwide has reported a 50% increase in international donations via digital wallets.

5. Integration with Waqf management – Long-term charitable endowments (Waqf) can be efficiently managed and distributed via digital wallets, ensuring sustainability and ongoing impact. Data from Islamic financial institutions show that digitized Waqf management has improved fund utilization efficiency by 35%.

However, as with any financial innovation, there are key challenges that must be addressed to ensure compliance, trust, and long-term sustainability.

Challenges facing Shariah-compliant digital wallets for donations
Despite the many advantages, several hurdles must be addressed before digital wallets can fully revolutionize charitable giving within Islamic finance.

1. Shariah compliance and certification
Not all digital wallets that claim to be Shariah-compliant undergo rigorous scrutiny. Donors need confidence that their funds are being stored, processed, and invested in a way that fully adheres to Islamic financial principles.

Obtaining certification from reputable Shariah boards and ensuring compliance audits will be essential to gaining trust. A study by the Islamic Financial Services Board found that only 60% of digital financial platforms meet full Shariah compliance standards. 
 

2. Regulatory and legal constraints
Financial regulations vary by country, and some governments impose restrictions on digital payments and cross-border donations. Compliance with local financial laws while maintaining adherence to Islamic principles presents an ongoing challenge for wallet providers. Research from the Global Islamic Finance Report indicates that regulatory barriers prevent 40% of potential digital transactions from being processed efficiently. 
 

3. Fraud prevention and fund misuse
Ensuring that donated funds reach the right beneficiaries requires robust tracking mechanisms. While blockchain can improve transparency, full adoption remains a challenge due to regulatory uncertainty and technical limitations.

Fraud-related losses in digital transactions are estimated to be over $4 billion annually, highlighting the need for enhanced security measures in donation platforms. 
 

4. Digital accessibility and financial literacy
In many regions where donations are most needed, digital literacy remains a significant barrier. Many individuals either lack access to smartphones or do not fully understand how to use digital wallets securely.

Investment in education and simpler user interfaces will be necessary to bridge this gap. The Financial Inclusion Report by the Islamic Development Bank states that only 55% of Muslims in developing countries have access to digital financial tools.

5. Integration with Islamic Banking and financial ecosystem

Digital wallets should be seamlessly integrated with Islamic banks and other Shariah-compliant financial services to ensure that funds remain within the halal financial ecosystem. This will prevent the risk of funds being stored in interest-bearing accounts or invested in non-halal activities.

According to industry experts, 70% of Islamic financial institutions are looking to develop digital solutions that integrate with fintech platforms to improve accessibility. 

Faysal A. Ghauri is a doctorate student in cybersecurity leadership and founder/CEO of Halal Payments Network in Canada

As markets swing wildly and ethical concerns grow around conventional finance, Muslims face a vital question: How can we build wealth while staying true to our faith?

Shariah-compliant investing isn’t just a niche concept - it’s a necessity for Muslims navigating the complexities of modern finance.

It’s a pathway that not only protects against haram practices like interest but also empowers us to contribute to an economy rooted in ethics, fairness, and social good. Let’s explore why finding Shariah-compliant investment opportunities is essential and how they can help us thrive both spiritually and financially.

The ethical imperative: Beyond profit
In conventional finance, success is often measured solely by returns. The higher the profit, the better the investment. But as Muslims, our approach must differ.

Wealth in Islam is a trust from Allah SWT, and how we earn, spend, and grow it reflects our accountability to him.

Shariah-compliant investments screen out companies and industries engaged in haram activities like alcohol production, gambling, and conventional banking. But it goes beyond avoidance. These investments prioritize industries that benefit society, such as renewable energy, healthcare, and education.

This ethical foundation ensures that your financial growth does not come at the expense of harming others or compromising Islamic values. It’s not just about securing your future; it’s about doing so in a way that serves the greater good and pays it forward for the next life.

The key question, of course, is how Muslims can invest in a way that aligns with their values. While the list of options is extensive, this article highlights a few investment ideas that are often overlooked.

It is important to note that this is not an exhaustive list, nor is it intended as investment advice.
 

Diversifying with crypto: A modern opportunity
One of the most exciting developments in recent years is the rise of cryptocurrency as a Shariah-compliant investment option. Digital assets like Bitcoin have reached new all-time highs earlier this month, crossing $103,000, which demonstrates the acceptance of blockchain technology and the potential for Muslims to participate in this transformative market.

Wondering how cryptocurrencies could be Shariah-compliant? To answer that, let's first take a closer look at the alternative: fiat.

Fiat currency, issued by governments, is not backed by physical commodities like gold or silver. Instead, its value comes from trust in the issuing authority. Central banks have the power to print fiat currency on demand, effectively creating money out of thin air. Those are a lot of red flags from a Shariah perspective.

In contrast, cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin are decentralized and operate on a fixed supply, ensuring scarcity and preventing arbitrary inflation. Unlike fiat, they rely on blockchain technology to provide transparency, immutability, and peer-to-peer transactions without intermediaries. This makes crypto an attractive alternative for those seeking a more stable and equitable financial system.

Cryptocurrencies, when approached thoughtfully, align with Islamic principles by emphasizing decentralization, transparency, and asset ownership. Unlike fiat or speculative trading, long-term investments in established cryptocurrencies or projects with clear utility can provide an good avenue for portfolio diversification.

However, there are big differences between different types of cryptocurrencies, so make sure to thoroughly research any crypto you consider investing in. 

The new halal economy: Building the future
Beyond cryptocurrencies, blockchain-based organizations offer another Shariah-compliant investment opportunity by solving real-world problems and emphasizing transparency.

For example, The LifeDAO is pioneering a Shariah-compliant, community-owned alternative to life insurance that allows Muslims to invest in the financial future of their families by covering burial costs and other short term expenses should a loved one pass away. Plus for a limited time, early adopters also get to participate in the platform’s revenue through exclusive revenue-share NFTs. 

At the same time, halal mutual funds, Islamic real estate investment trusts (REITs), and digital platforms are opening doors for Muslim investors.

Companies like Wahed and Ethis simplify access to Shariah-compliant opportunities, helping Muslims grow wealth ethically. Such innovations demonstrate how modern technology aligns with Islamic ethics, creating opportunities for Muslims to invest in the future while adhering to their faith.

Shielding wealth from volatility and risk
Modern economies are often destabilized by speculative practices and excessive leverage, both of which are prohibited in Islam. These behaviours contributed to major crises like the 2008 financial meltdown.

Shariah-compliant investing avoids these pitfalls by emphasizing tangible assets and real economic activities. This approach not only aligns with Islamic principles but also provides a more resilient foundation for building wealth.

The path forward
So, where do we start? The first step is education. Understand what makes an investment Shariah-compliant and seek out trustworthy advisors and resources. 

Second, take action. Start small if needed, but be intentional about aligning your portfolio with your values and make investing a regular habit. Look for halal options in your local market or explore global opportunities in Islamic finance.

Finally, remember that Shariah-compliant investing is not just about avoiding the haram; it’s about actively supporting what is halal and tayyib (pure and wholesome). By choosing investments that uplift communities, protect the environment, and promote ethical business practices, you become a part of an economy that reflects the principles of our deen.

In today’s economy, finding Shariah-compliant ways to invest is not just important; it’s transformative. It’s a means of preserving your wealth, protecting your values, and contributing to a better world.

And in doing so, it’s a step closer to living a life that truly embodies Islamic principles.

Sharene Lee is chief operating officer and Ameerah Langer is brand & communications head at Takadao

One moment, Ahmed was laughing with his children over breakfast; the next, he was gone.

The whirlwind of his family’s grief was quickly followed by an avalanche of bills and bureaucracy. The funeral director quoted €4,800, probate fees totaled €5,000 to access Ahmed's frozen accounts. Add to that unpaid loans and Ahmed’s savings left his family less than a month’s rent.

Ahmed’s experience is not uncommon; the average cost of death is about two months' salary in the US, three months in Europe, and up to four months in Muslim countries like Malaysia. As Muslims, estate planning is an act of worship and it’s our duty to prepare for death by providing stability for our loved ones in a Shariah-compliant way. Keep reading to learn how you can protect your family and future.

The Islamic mandate for legacy planning
The Qur’an explicitly addresses inheritance in Surah An-Nisa (4:11-12), providing clear guidelines for the distribution of wealth after one’s passing. Unlike secular wills, which may allow total autonomy, the Islamic system is divinely ordained.

It ensures fairness and prevents disputes, emphasizing that estate planning is not just a practical step but a spiritual duty.

The Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) said, “It is the duty of a Muslim who has anything to bequeath not to let two nights pass without writing a will about it.” (Sahih al-Bukhari). This Hadith is a powerful reminder that preparing for our departure is not morbid; it is an act of foresight and responsibility.

Protecting wealth the Islamic way
Estate planning is not just about dividing wealth; it’s about protecting it in a way that benefits your heirs and upholds Islamic ethics.

One part of safeguarding wealth means addressing debts; an obligation that is often overlooked. The Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) warned, “The soul of the believer is held hostage by his debt until it is paid off.” (Sunan al-Tirmidhi). 

Planning your estate ensures that outstanding obligations are settled, freeing yourself and providing peace to your family.

Shariah-compliant estate planning solutions are now more accessible than ever. Islamic wills, trusts, and inheritance calculators help Muslims navigate the complexities of dividing assets while adhering to both religious and local legal requirements. Make sure to do your research and consult reputable sources before implementing your plan.

A modern Muslim’s step-by-step plan  
 

- Leverage modern Shariah-compliant wealth solutions

Leverage modern technology to align wealth management with Islamic principles. For example, The LifeDAO offers a Shariah-compliant alternative to life insurance, providing borderless, community-driven coverage inspired by the Aqilah system of the Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ time. This ensures financial security for your family through collective support.

Islamic will
Without a proper Islamic will, your wealth may be distributed against Shariah laws. Learn about Islamic inheritance principles and ensure your will complies with both Shariah and local laws. Consult scholars and estate planners for guidance.

Appoint guardians for children
Appoint a guardian in your will to ensure your children are raised with Islamic values. Choose someone you trust who shares your beliefs to avoid court-appointed custody decisions.

Healthcare directives
Prepare a living will to ensure your medical care aligns with Islamic principles, like prohibiting euthanasia. Discuss your preferences with family and healthcare providers.

Power of Attorney
Assign a trusted individual to manage your affairs if you’re incapacitated. Ensure they understand and follow Islamic values when making decisions on your behalf.

Charitable giving
Leave a lasting impact through sadaqah jariyah or a waqf by dedicating assets to benefit causes like education or mosques. Seek advice to comply with Shariah and local laws.

Review your estate plan
Regularly update your estate plan to reflect life changes like marriage, divorce, or children, ensuring continued alignment with Shariah.

Resting in peace begins today
As Ahmed’s story shows, planning for your departure is not a luxury for the wealthy or elderly, but a vital obligation for every Muslim. Estate planning is a vital part of our Islamic identity, deeply rooted in the values of preparation, responsibility, and compassion. The question isn’t just whether you can afford to rest in peace - it’s whether your family can afford for you not to.

By using the tools we have to address this responsibility today, we ensure that tomorrow, we leave behind not just wealth, but a legacy of love, care, and adherence to our faith.

Sharene Lee is chief operating officer and Ameerah Langer is brand & communications head at Takadao

Islamic finance, as an industry, often finds itself at a crossroads. While there is much to celebrate -  double-digit growth and the establishment of a global trillion-dollar industry - there is also a need for honest introspection.

Too often, Islamic finance insiders dwell on external barriers: regulators, the global riba (interest-based) system, or the so-called “conventional” competition. These were valid concerns during the foundational years of modern Islamic finance (1970s–1990s). 

Today, however, such rhetoric risks are becoming an excuse for stagnation and complacency. Many conventional financial institutions and financial technology (fintech) companies have solved financial service challenges while adhering to principles far more aligned with the ethos of Islam than the Islamic finance industry has managed.

Yet, my critique comes from a place of deep belief. 

Islamic finance, at its core, is more than an alternative system to conventional finance. It is a mission-driven endeavour rooted in divine guidance, embodying justice, inclusivity, and sustainability. 

The Qur’an repeatedly emphasises these values while cautioning excess, extravagance and hoarding:

“Cooperate with one another in goodness and righteousness, and do not cooperate in sin and transgression.” (Al Qur’an, 5:2)

The Sharīʿah, as a socio-legal and ethical framework, seeks to ensure shared prosperity and justice. Yet, the disconnect between these principles and their application in modern Islamic finance is glaring. Even without accounting for the undisclosed private wealth of the Muslim ultra-rich stashed away in tax havens such as Switzerland or Singapore, there is a major inequality problem. 

The top 5 countries, as measured by total Islamic finance assets such as Saudi Arabia and Malaysia, represented ~81% of the total industry in 2022. None of the five countries with the largest Muslim nations such as Indonesia and Pakistan feature among the top Islamic finance centres. 

The data is clear, Islamic finance is primarily for and used by the wealthiest Muslims. This divergence must be rectified.

Rethinking Islamic finance in Australia
While a significantly smaller and more recent market, Australia’s Islamic finance sector exemplifies some of these challenges.

Australia has lagged more innovative Islamic finance markets like the United Kingdom, the United States and Singapore, where product diversity, robust institutions, and community foundations thrive.

In my reflections on the root causes for the obstacles to a flourishing Australia Islamic finance market, three things jump out:

Right products: Proliferation of “packaged” products
Islamic finance products are often packaged as “Shari’ah-compliant” without a wholesale bottom-up, comprehensive solution. For instance, many Islamic home loans are processed by brokers who repackage interest-bearing contracts from wholesale funders and banks under Shari’ah-approved structures. 

This “middleman” approach where the mortgage broker stands to make windfall risk-free brokerage fees leads to higher financing costs, longer processing times, and opaque pricing.

If we truly aspire to develop sustainable solutions, why haven’t we developed Shari’ah-compliant models like Brighte (green financing), Athena (home financing) or Prospa (business financing) who reimagined financial intermediation using digital innovations? 

Moreover, we need to develop upstream funding markets with securitisation and warehouse funding to create fixed income investment opportunities via sukuk issuances.

Right governance structures: Licensing and regulation
The proliferation of unprofessional, poorly structured schemes has undermined trust in Islamic finance. Reports of financial scandals and collapses highlight the risks of inadequate governance. Establishing properly licensed, well-regulated institutions is expensive and more challenging to launch but non-negotiable for the sector’s credibility and stakeholder protections. 

Right education: Going beyond halal
The assumption that labelling something “halal” will attract customers is fading.

Customers demand competitive, user-centric and value-driven products, especially Millennials and Gen Z customers. For example, there is blind faith in the property market – something that was unfortunately to the detriment of investors in the $200 million Qartaba Homes project who didn’t understand the liquidity and development risks. Over the past 30 years, real estate in Australia has appreciated at an average growth rate of 6.4% (before ownership costs). 

Meanwhile, the S&P 500 has achieved 9.9% over the same period. Over-reliance property investing diverts resources from critical areas like business financing, entrepreneurship and agriculture.

Opportunities for transformation
To bridge these gaps, the Australian Muslim community must work collectively across educational, religious, non-profit and corporate segments to:

1.    Develop talent
We lack tier-1 Islamic financial institutions to train the next generation of financial managers and entrepreneurs. In their midst, encouraging bright minds - particularly women - to pursue careers in finance, albeit with conventional financial institutions is critical. We need to address the stigma with working in finance and counter the unjustified emphasis on medicine, engineering and law that attracts the brightest young minds. Leaders in finance must also step up, taking lucrative pay cuts with new ventures if necessary to build enduring community-focused institutions.

2.    Embrace innovation
Rather than replicating conventional products, we should focus on disruptive models. Take Afterpay, which transformed point-of-sale consumer finance without requiring credit scores (using a trade-based murabaha financing model). Islamic finance needs bold thinking to address systematic financial service gaps.

3.    Educate consumers
Misconceptions about Islamic finance abound. Many believe it prohibits debt outright, ignoring nuanced Islamic rulings. 
Additionally, long-term investment vehicles like awqaf (endowments) or private credit remain underutilised compared to property funds and home financing. Effective consumer education is vital to empower communities and redirect resources toward long-term, impactful initiatives.

Inspiration and progress
Despite its challenges, Islamic finance is evolving. Across the globe, visionary leaders are pushing boundaries in partnership with conventional institutions.

For example, the US recently welcomed its first Islamic bank, Stearns Salaam Bank, incubated by a 110+ year-old institution committed to financial inclusion. 

The initial spark? The large under-served Somali Muslim community in Minnesota.  In Saudi Arabia, the Islamic Development Bank has pioneered blockchain-enabled systems to stabilise prices of assets traded on organised markets with SettleMint. At Wholesum, we are trying to offer a genuinely innovative investment product – passive income investing that pays monthly profit distributions from financing a global pool of small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs). 

The World Bank estimates that SME financing is key to socio-economic development and face a $5.2 trillion annual funding gap. These success stories highlight what’s possible when we embrace innovation and systematic thinking.

We must reframe Islamic finance not as an exercise in fear—avoiding riba out of concern for punishment—but as a vehicle for building a just, inclusive financial system. With inspiration from the Shari’ah, and a coalition of like-minded partners, we can develop products and services that are truly impactful and competitive.

Dr. Tanvir Ahmed Uddin is the founder and CEO of Invest Wholesum

Note: This editorial reflects the personal views of the author and does not represent the views of Wholesum, Wholesum’s affiliates or any other organisation that the author has associated with currently or in the past.

Islamic finance in Kazakhstan continues to develop rapidly, showcasing significant potential for future economic growth and sustainability. Since the adoption of the initial legislative initiatives in 2009, the country has made substantial progress in establishing a legal framework that enables Islamic financial institutions to operate and expand both domestically and internationally.

The establishment of Al Hilal Bank, the first Islamic bank in Kazakhstan, in 2010 was a major milestone that marked the nation’s integration into the global Islamic financial system (recently renamed ADCB Islamic). Following this, the development of supporting legislation facilitated the entry of other Islamic financial entities, such as Kazakhstan Ijara Company, Al Saqr Finance, and the Islamic bank Zaman. 

In 2012 the Development Bank of Kazakhstan (DBK) raised MYR240 million (about $80 million) with the placement of a debut issue of a five-year sukuk. Kazakhstan investors bought 38% of the sukuk, and Malaysian the remaining 62%.

In 2023, the Islamic Corporation for the Development of the Private Sector (ICD), the private sector arm of the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) Group, printed its first sukuk denominated in Tenge, raising KZT 2 billion ($4 million) with an auction of a five-year amortized sukuk. The sukuk, rated 'A+' by Fitch Ratings, was the first-ever KZT sukuk globally, the first in the national currency of one of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the first KZT sukuk from an international development institution.

The role of AIFC in advancing Islamic finance
Today, the Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC) plays a pivotal role in promoting Islamic finance within the region. The AIFC offers a conducive environment for Islamic banks, asset management companies, brokers, and takaful (Islamic insurance) providers. With support from international bodies, including the IsDB, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), IFSB, AAOIFI, and CIBAFI, the AIFC has built a legal and regulatory foundation that aligns with global best practices.

In September 2024, the Islamic Finance Country Report, prepared with support from the IsDB and CSQ Law, was presented. It offers an in-depth analysis of the Islamic finance industry in Kazakhstan, a significant milestone for the nation.

To attract more companies, the AIFC has reduced the minimum capital requirements for Islamic financial institutions until May 2026. Currently, the requirement for Islamic banks is $6 million, and $100,000 for Islamic finance companies. Additionally, licensed financial services regulated by the AIFC, including Islamic banking, non-banking financial institutions, and takaful providers, are exempt from corporate income tax and VAT.

Islamic banks, financial companies, and takaful operators within the AIFC can offer their services to residents of Kazakhstan, both corporate and individual, in any currency, including the Kazakhstani tenge.

Since its establishment, the AIFC has become a platform for attracting key international players in Islamic finance from countries such as Malaysia, Bahrain, Pakistan, and Tatarstan. A notable development was the licensing of Alif Islamic Bank in December 2022, which actively provides financing to retail and corporate clients, including micro businesses. The bank has extended over KZT 3.6 billion ($7.3 million) in corporate funding and KZT 870 million ($1.76 million) for microbusinesses.

Another significant event was the launch of the Association of Islamic Finance and Business in September 2024. This association aimed to unite professionals and stakeholders in Kazakhstan’s Islamic finance industry and foster new opportunities for cooperation and growth.

New opportunities for issuers and businesses
The AIFC continues to support the development of a viable and competitive Islamic capital market.

In 2023, the rules for subsidising coupon payments on bonds issued under the national entrepreneurship development project were amended to include Islamic securities. This change opens up opportunities for Kazakhstani issuers to raise funds through sukuk issuance, creating a level playing field for Islamic and conventional securities.

A major event in the capital markets was the sukuk listing issued by the IsDB on the AIX official list. In June 2022, the first Shariah-compliant exchange-traded notes, including the iX Gold ETN, which received Shariah compliance certification, were listed on AIX.

These notes are available to retail investors via the AIFC’s Tabys app.

Additionally, in August 2023, the International Trading Platform (ITS) launched the ITS Shariah Index, which includes the 30 largest Shariah-compliant companies.

Islamic investment funds represent additional focus for the AIFC, responding to the rising demand for Shari’ah-compliant investment options in Kazakhstan. This demand is partly fueled by the scarcity of Islamic financial products within the local market. Although there are currently no officially listed Islamic funds, one firm is actively working on setting up an Islamic fund within the regulatory framework provided by the AIFC.

The AIFC has a lineup of potential sukuk issuers, including local and regional corporate entities. Recognising the significance of sukuk issuance for market development, the AIFC actively supports these initiatives. The expectation is that sukuk will be issued by the end of the year or during the first quarter of 2025.

Why it matters
The potential volume of Islamic retail financing in Kazakhstan, including mortgage, instalment plans, and auto financing, is estimated at KZT 3.9 trillion ($7.9 billion), with corporate sector demand exceeding KZT 760 billion ($1.54 billion).

These figures underscore that Islamic finance can become a key driver of sustainable economic growth in the country. With a robust legislative framework, support from international organisations, and the dynamic development of the AIFC, Kazakhstan is strengthening its position in the global Islamic finance arena.

Developing Islamic finance is a tool for sustainable economic growth and an opportunity for Kazakhstan to become a hub for attracting investments from various regions worldwide.

The country has the potential to solidify its role in the global Islamic economy and continue to create innovative, Shari’ah-compliant financial solutions.

Madina Tukulova is the head of Islamic finance at the Astana International Financial Centre and the chairperson of the Association of Islamic Finance and Business Development

East Africa hosts several opportunities for Islamic finance to thrive. The region is home to a burgeoning Muslim customer base which presents significant demand for Islamic finance products and services, as well as offers substantial opportunities to develop and deepen the existing ecosystem.  

However, the industry has struggled to realise its potential owed to several challenges, including regulatory gaps and a lack of adoption stemming from limited awareness and education.

On balance, East Africa is an economic powerhouse, hosting some of the fastest growing economies on the continent. It is forecasted to lead Africa’s economic pulse, with growth projected to scale from 3.5% in 2023 to 5.1% in 2024 and 5.7% in 2025, according to an Africa Development Bank (AfDB) report. Seven economies in the region are projected to grow 5% or more in 2024, it adds. 

Similarly, East African nations are seeking to develop relations with Gulf countries both in terms of trade and foreign direct investment (FDI). GCC countries have collectively invested more than $100 billion in Africa over the last decade, while GCC companies announced 73 FDI projects worth $53 billion in Africa last year. 

Yet, despite potential opportunities for Islamic finance in the region, the past decade has yielded mixed results, according to analysts.

Islamic finance faces a lot of challenges in East Africa, according to Samira Mensah, director and lead analyst Africa, financial institutions & sovereign ratings at S&P Global. 

“There has been robust headline economic growth, but external shocks, high level of sovereign debt and debt service costs have hindered public finances and investments.”

Kenya
Islamic finance has been active in Kenya since the 1990s. In 2017, the government pledged to offer Islamic finance a bigger chunk of the country’s financial infrastructure. 

Key Islamic banks include Gulf African Bank, Premier Bank (previously First Community Bank) and Dubai Islamic Bank. Meanwhile, conventional lenders like Absa Kenya, National Bank of Kenya and Kenya Commercial Bank, operate Islamic banking windows.

But S&P’s Samira Mensah believes that Islamic finance in Kenya over the last decade has been a disappointing story. 

“The industry has faced several challenges including weak public finances and indebtedness. Nonetheless, Kenya has the legal framework that caters to Islamic finance, which should attract foreign investors.”

Saad Rehman, CEO at Salaam Investment Bank in Kenya, adds that the actual adoption of Islamic products among Kenyans remains an open question.

“It depends on the age group of consumers. With the older generation, it will be harder,” he says. “There is movement from younger millennials while Gen Z is demanding Islamic products.”

There is room for optimism in the capital markets space. Linzi Finco, a subsidiary of Liaison Group, sold the country’s first sukuk this August. The 3 billion Kenyan shilling ($23 million) 15-year sukuk offers a profit rate of 11.13%. The listed debt will be used to fund the construction of over 3,000 affordable institutional housing units, supporting the Kenyan government’s affordable housing agenda.

However, Mensah remains sceptical on corporate sukuk issuances, adding that Kenya’s capital markets are neither deep nor broad and are largely animated by sovereign issuance. 

“Banks in Kenya are reliant on customer deposits to fund their lending operations. Rather they rely on development banks for foreign currency funding. We haven’t seen much corporate issuance in the conventional space,” she says.

A more positive area could be within Kenya’s fintech sector. S&P notes 80% of the country’s adult population used mobile money service providers for money transfers in 2022, compared to 44.1% for banks. The fintech ecosystem  is spread across four key sectors: payments and remittances, lending, finance business administration  and insurance.

“I think there is a lot of potential for technological solutions like fintech and tokenization in East Africa,” says Rehman. “Technology can democratise Islamic financial services and products like retail sukuk.”
 
Tanzania
Tanzania introduced Islamic banking in 2008, allowing lenders to offer Shariah-compliant products to a large Muslim population, estimated to comprise 35-40% of the total resident base of over 61 million.

Aman Bank is Tanzania’s first fully-fledged Islamic bank, while conventional lenders like National Bank of Commerce operate an Islamic window.

Whilst the country permits Islamic banking, there is no specific regulatory framework. However, the East African nation is developing its Islamic finance industry beyond banking. For example, in April 2022, Tanzania’s insurance regulator issued guidelines on takaful activities.

Although there has yet to be a sovereign sukuk issuance, Imaan Finance, a local financial services provider, sold the country’s first sukuk worth 2.72 billion Tanzanian shilling  ($1.17 million) in 2021.

Salum Awadh, CEO, Shirkah Asset Management, believes sukuk issuances are increasing, awareness is growing, and the industry is gaining traction. 

“[In particular], we have seen the launch of two takaful operators, an asset-backed sukuk, as well as the first halal mutual fund and sukuk guidelines have been issued,” he notes. 

Awadh also identifies challenges such as tepid education and awareness levels as significant barriers to growth. 

"We really need to invest here; then the enactment of Islamic banking regulations will be a key opener. We need more investment products in the market, and the use of technology through fintech will disrupt the traditional paths to stimulate faster growth through innovation, increasing access, and lowering costs.”

Uganda
Uganda’s nascent Islamic finance sector is slowly becoming part of the country’s financial ecosystem. Muslims constitute around 14% of the country’s population of about 47 million.

In 2016, the Bank of Uganda, the country’s central bank, began working on legislative amendments to introduce Islamic banking.

In September last year, Bank of Uganda granted its first Islamic banking license to Salaam Bank Uganda, a subsidiary of a Djibouti-based bank. Saudi-headquartered Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) has also established a regional hub in Kampala, responsible for overseeing its activities in Uganda as well as in Comoros, Djibouti, Mozambique, and Somalia.

Its fintech sector is beginning to expand, too, with companies like Thiqa Digital Finance, offering Shariah-compliant products such as payments, asset financing, and trade finance.

Ethiopia
The National Bank of Ethiopia authorised commercial banks to offer interest-free banking windows within its conventional banking system in 2011. In 2019, authorities expanded the framework to enable fully-fledged Shariah-compliant lenders.

ZamZam Bank, the first Islamic lender in Ethiopia was established in 2020, followed by Hijra Bank a year later. Conventional banks like Commercial Bank of Ethiopia and Abay Bank, continue to offer Shariah-compliant services through Islamic windows.

Nonetheless, lack of managerial expertise and regulatory gaps in areas like takaful, sukuk, and Islamic capital markets, remain. S&P’s Mensah adds that markets like Ethiopia and Madagascar face their own [economic] challenges, which makes it difficult for Islamic finance to develop.  

“In Ethiopia, the sovereign defaulted on its Eurobond and the financial sector is to a large extent public sector led,” she says.

However, the Ethiopian Securities Exchange is reportedly looking to develop Shariah-compliant capital market products.

Djibouti
In 2011, the government introduced its Islamic banking law, followed by takaful legislation a year later. Furthermore, in October 2016, it established a National Shariah Council to oversee the sector. However, it does not have a sukuk law in place and currently does not borrow from international capital markets.

The Central Bank of Djibouti is an AAOIFI regulatory member and a full IFSB member. Djibouti is a member of the IsDB, too. Islamic banks operating in Djibouti include Dahabshil Bank International, East Africa Bank, Salaam Bank, Saba African Bank, and Shoura Bank. 

Conventional lenders like Djibouti International Bank, operate Islamic banking windows. 

Collectively, these banks are estimated to hold between 15% and 20% of the local financial market.

Many people believe that life insurance is haram because they assume it involves riba (interest), gharar (uncertainty), and maysir (gambling) - all of which are prohibited in Islam.

But before we rush to dismiss the concept entirely, let’s pause and ask a deeper question: Is there a way for Muslims to ensure their loved ones are cared for, even after they’ve passed away?

Dispelling misconceptions 
For many Muslims, life insurance feels like a Western product tainted by practices that clash with Islamic ethics. And to be fair, traditional life insurance - particularly in its commercial form - does raise some valid concerns. The involvement of interest-bearing investments and uncertainty about payouts makes most life insurance haram for Muslims.

But here’s the catch: life insurance, at its core, isn’t about gambling or exploiting people’s misfortunes. It’s about ensuring that, after you’re gone, your dependents are taken care of. The question isn’t whether the concept of life insurance is problematic - it’s how we can structure it so it adheres to Islamic principles.

Financial protection principle as old as Islam

Think life insurance is too modern to even become Shariah-compliant? Think again. Mutual financial protection is not new to Islam.

In fact, in early Muslim communities there were systems in place to help people manage financial burdens after an unexpected death. A key example is the Aqilah system, developed during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). This system allowed tribe members to collectively contribute and pay diyyah (blood money) in cases of accidental death, thus protecting families from financial ruin.

The Aqilah system is rooted in solidarity and cooperation - values that are also central to the concept of life insurance. Much like the Aqilah system pooled resources for collective protection, life insurance, when structured ethically, aims to ensure financial security for families facing loss.

Islamic mandate to protect families

Islam places a strong emphasis on family protection, both financially and otherwise.

The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said, “It is better for you to leave your inheritors wealthy than to leave them poor, begging from others” (Sahih al-Bukhari).

This hadith underscores the obligation of Nafaqah, or providing for one’s dependents, even after death.

This goes to show that planning for the well-being of our families isn’t just a modern concern; it’s rooted in Islamic responsibility. Just as we prepare for the afterlife through good deeds, we are encouraged to plan for our families’ futures in this life. And life insurance, when structured to avoid riba and gharar, becomes a viable way to fulfill this obligation.

The heart of the issue often lies in misunderstanding what life insurance is designed to achieve. At its core, life insurance is about ta’awun, or mutual protection, a value that aligns perfectly with Islamic ethics. It’s not about profiting from death, nor is it about taking unnecessary risks. In fact, life insurance is a way of pooling resources to protect dependents, ensuring that they don’t fall into financial hardship in the event of a loved one’s passing. This communal approach mirrors the Aqilah system, where the goal was to share the burden and alleviate the strain on individuals or families in need.

Why Muslims must reconsider life insurance

The controversy surrounding life insurance within the Muslim community is largely tied to its association with Western financial systems. When structured correctly - according to Islamic values - life insurance allows Muslims to uphold their duties to their families even after they’re gone.

While traditional life insurance models do involve elements that are haram, the core idea behind it - providing for your loved ones in case of death - is deeply aligned with Islamic principles. By looking at historical precedents like the Aqilah system, we can reframe life insurance as an extension of mutual support and responsibility.

In a world where sudden loss can leave families financially vulnerable, it’s crucial for Muslims to think about how best to protect their loved ones. A Shariah-compliant approach to life insurance, built on ta’awun and maslahah, ensures we fulfill our obligations while also safeguarding the financial well-being of those we care about most.

Sharene Lee is chief operating officer and Ameerah Langer is brand & communications head at Takadao